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Compound library

Mechanism maps

One-page diagrams of how each compound on the desk is thought to act: the receptor or target it engages, the signaling it triggers, and the downstream effects reported in the literature. Each map is drawn in-house from the papers cited under it and carries an evidence label, so you can see how established a mechanism actually is.

Updated 2026-11-096 compoundsSource-cited

How to read a map

  • Green boxes are the receptor or target. The heading says so when no receptor has been confirmed.
  • White boxes are signaling steps, read left to right.
  • Blue boxes are effects reported in the cited studies, with the model type (cell culture, animal, clinical) underneath.
  • Bracketed numbers point to the numbered source list below each diagram.

BPC-157

Tissue research peptides · Evidence: Preclinical: cell culture and animal models

BPC-157 mechanism diagramProposed VEGFR2–Akt–eNOS signaling in endothelial and tendon models. Targets: VEGFR2. Signaling reported: Akt → eNOS. Effects reported in models: Endothelial tube formation, Angiogenesis.BPC-157 mechanism mapProposed VEGFR2–Akt–eNOS signaling in endothelial and tendon modelsBPC-15715-residue peptideVEGFR2up-regulation and internalization [1]Akt[1]eNOS[1]Endothelial tube formationcell culture [1]AngiogenesisCAM assay, rat hind limb [1]Evidence: Preclinical: cell culture and animal models. Numbers in brackets refer to thecited sources.usapeptidevendors.com · Research Use OnlyPROPOSED TARGET (NO RECEPTOR CONFIRMED)SIGNALING REPORTEDEFFECTS REPORTED IN MODELS
No specific BPC-157 receptor has been identified. Separate tendon-fibroblast studies report FAK–paxillin activation [2] and higher growth hormone receptor expression [3]; they are not drawn as part of the VEGFR2 pathway. Open SVG
  1. Hsieh MJ et al. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. J Mol Med. 2017;95:323–333.
  2. Chang CH et al. The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration. J Appl Physiol. 2011;110:774–780.
  3. Chang CH et al. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 enhances the growth hormone receptor expression in tendon fibroblasts. Molecules. 2014;19:19066–19077.

BPC-157 chemistry facts and catalog notes →

TB-500

Tissue research peptides · Evidence: Preclinical, mostly inferred from full-length thymosin β4

TB-500 mechanism diagramActin-binding motif of thymosin β4 and the cytoskeleton. Targets: G-actin. Cytoskeletal effect: G-actin sequestration → Actin pool regulation → Cytoskeletal remodeling. Effects reported (Tβ4 studies): Cell migration, Wound repair.TB-500 mechanism mapActin-binding motif of thymosin β4 and the cytoskeletonTB-500Ac-LKKTETQ (Tβ4 17–23)G-actinmonomer binding (LKKTETQ motif) [1,2]G-actinsequestration[1]Actin poolregulation[1]Cytoskeletalremodeling[2]Cell migration[2]Wound repairanimal models [2]Evidence: Preclinical, mostly inferred from full-length thymosin β4. Numbers in bracketsrefer to the cited sources.usapeptidevendors.com · Research Use OnlyINTRACELLULAR TARGETCYTOSKELETAL EFFECTEFFECTS REPORTED (TΒ4 STUDIES)
Most mechanistic data are for full-length thymosin β4. Data specific to the 7-residue fragment are limited. Open SVG
  1. Huff T et al. β-Thymosins, small acidic peptides with multiple functions. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2001;33:205–220.
  2. Goldstein AL et al. Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12:37–51.

TB-500 chemistry facts and catalog notes →

Retatrutide

Metabolic research peptides · Evidence: Clinical: published phase 2 trial

Retatrutide mechanism diagramTriple agonist at the GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptors. Targets: GIPR, GLP-1R, GCGR. Shared G protein signaling: Gαs → Adenylyl cyclase → cAMP ↑. Effects reported: Calorie intake ↓, Energy expenditure ↑, Weight reduction.Retatrutide mechanism mapTriple agonist at the GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptorsRetatrutideLY3437943, acylated peptideGIPRGIP receptor [1]GLP-1RGLP-1 receptor [1]GCGRglucagon receptor [1]Gαs[1]Adenylyl cyclase[1]cAMP ↑[1]Calorie intake ↓GIPR + GLP-1R, mice [1]Energy expenditure ↑GCGR, mice [1]Weight reductionphase 2 trial [2]Evidence: Clinical: published phase 2 trial. Numbers in brackets refer to the citedsources.usapeptidevendors.com · Research Use OnlyRECEPTORS (AGONIST AT ALL THREE)SHARED G PROTEIN SIGNALINGEFFECTS REPORTED
Investigational compound. Clinical findings apply to the trial formulation, not to research-catalog vials. Open SVG
  1. Coskun T et al. LY3437943, a novel triple glucagon, GIP, and GLP-1 receptor agonist for glycemic control and weight loss. Cell Metab. 2022;34:1234–1247.
  2. Jastreboff AM et al. Triple-hormone-receptor agonist retatrutide for obesity: a phase 2 trial. N Engl J Med. 2023;389:514–526.

Retatrutide chemistry facts and catalog notes →

CJC-1295

GHRH research peptides · Evidence: Clinical pharmacology study and rat studies

CJC-1295 mechanism diagramGHRH receptor agonism and pituitary growth hormone release. Targets: GHRH receptor. Signaling: Gαs → cAMP ↑. Effects reported: GH release ↑, IGF-1 ↑.CJC-1295 mechanism mapGHRH receptor agonism and pituitary growth hormone releaseCJC-1295GHRH(1-29) analogGHRH receptoranterior pituitary somatotrophs [2]Gαs[3]cAMP ↑[3]GH release ↑sustained, healthy adults [1,2]IGF-1 ↑healthy adults [1]Evidence: Clinical pharmacology study and rat studies. Numbers in brackets refer to thecited sources.usapeptidevendors.com · Research Use OnlyRECEPTORSIGNALINGEFFECTS REPORTED
The prolonged-action findings come from the DAC form, which binds albumin [2]. No-DAC (Mod GRF 1-29) SKUs lack that albumin-binding group. Open SVG
  1. Teichman SL et al. Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:799–805.
  2. Jetté L et al. Human growth hormone-releasing factor (hGRF)1-29-albumin bioconjugates activate the GRF receptor on the anterior pituitary in rats. Endocrinology. 2005;146:3052–3058.
  3. Cunha SR, Mayo KE. Ghrelin and growth hormone (GH) secretagogues potentiate GH-releasing hormone (GHRH)-induced cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate production. Endocrinology. 2002;143:4570–4582.

CJC-1295 chemistry facts and catalog notes →

NAD+

Cofactor research materials · Evidence: Established biochemistry (review)

NAD+ mechanism diagramRedox cofactor and substrate for NAD+-consuming enzymes. Targets: Redox cofactor, Sirtuins, PARPs. Recycling after consumption (salvage pathway): Nicotinamide → NAMPT → NMN → NAD+. Downstream processes: Energy metabolism, Protein deacylation, DNA-damage signaling.NAD+ mechanism mapRedox cofactor and substrate for NAD+-consuming enzymesNAD+dinucleotide cofactorRedox cofactorNAD+ ⇄ NADH [1]SirtuinsSIRT1–7 substrate [1]PARPsPARP1 and others [1]Energy metabolismglycolysis, TCA, OXPHOS[1]Protein deacylationsirtuins [1]DNA-damage signalingPARPs [1]Nicotinamide[1]NAMPT[1]NMN → NAD+[1]Evidence: Established biochemistry (review). Numbers in brackets refer to the citedsources.usapeptidevendors.com · Research Use OnlyROLES IN THE CELLDOWNSTREAM PROCESSESRECYCLING AFTER CONSUMPTION (SALVAGE PATHWAY)
This diagram shows intracellular NAD+ biology. How well supplied NAD+ is taken up by cells is still debated. Open SVG
  1. Covarrubias AJ et al. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021;22:119–141.

NAD+ chemistry facts and catalog notes →

Epithalon

Tetrapeptide research materials · Evidence: Limited: cell-culture data, largely from one research group

Epithalon mechanism diagramReported telomerase induction in human fibroblast culture. Targets: Telomerase gene. Reported in cell culture: Catalytic subunit ↑ → Telomerase activity ↑. Effect reported: Telomere elongation.Epithalon mechanism mapReported telomerase induction in human fibroblast cultureEpithalonAla-Glu-Asp-GlyTelomerase geneproposed reactivation [1]Catalytic subunit ↑[1]Telomerase activity ↑[1]Telomere elongationtelomerase-negative fetal fibroblasts [1]Evidence: Limited: cell-culture data, largely from one research group. Numbers in bracketsrefer to the cited sources.usapeptidevendors.com · Research Use OnlyPROPOSED TARGET (NOT ESTABLISHED)REPORTED IN CELL CULTUREEFFECT REPORTED
The evidence comes from a single in vitro study and has not been independently replicated at scale. No receptor has been identified. Open SVG
  1. Khavinson VKh, Bondarev IE, Butyugov AA. Epithalon peptide induces telomerase activity and telomere elongation in human somatic cells. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2003;135:590–592.

Epithalon chemistry facts and catalog notes →

FAQ

Where do the mechanism maps come from?

Each map is drawn by the UPV desk from the cited papers listed under it. Every box carries bracketed numbers pointing to the source that supports it, and we leave out links that the sources do not show.

Do the arrows mean a compound has proven effects in people?

No. Arrows show the signaling reported in the cited studies, which are often cell or animal models. Each map states its evidence level, and none of it is medical advice.

Can I reuse a diagram?

The diagrams are original works of USA Peptide Vendors. Contact the desk for licensing; please link back to the compound page when citing.

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